Coming face to face with a living fossil underwater is a unique experience, and prolonged in-water sea turtle observation can teach us new and unexpected things about turtles that will help us to conserve them and their ocean habitats.

Plastics threaten many forms of marine wildlife through ingestion, entanglement, and the degradation of habitats and ecosystems. Sea turtles are of particular concern because their complex life histories, highly mobile behaviors, and use of numerous marine habitats expose them to harm from plastic pollutants through many different pathways.

South America has nearly 90,000 miles of coastline, and five of the world’s seven sea turtle species call the Pacific, Atlantic, and Caribbean waters and the beaches of South America their home for at least part of their life cycles.

Where Cape Cod juts into the Atlantic Ocean from the east coast of the United States, it forms Cape Cod Bay and the southern end of Massachusetts Bay. The area, which bears the grim moniker “the Deadly Bucket,” is the site of the world’s largest recurring sea turtle stranding phenomenon.

Preliminary surveys found important nesting areas for turtles as well as shallow marine areas with turtle foraging and mating grounds in Guinea-Bissau, a tropical, north African country known for its parks and protected areas.

Ghost gear—intentionally or unintentionally abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear—is a global conservation problem that affects dozens of marine species, including sea turtles. Ghost gear continues to catch target and non-target species long after being lost, abandoned, or discarded, a process called ghost fishing.

São Tomé and Príncipe is somewhat lost and forgotten by the rest of the world. The few outsiders who do visit the country usually comment on the excellent coffee, the excellent chocolate (considered among the best in the world), and their shock at seeing sea turtle meat being openly sold in the market and sea turtles butchered on the islands’ picture-perfect beaches.

If you are reading this magazine, you probably already know that leatherback turtles face threats to their survival worldwide and that they have become a high conservation priority in many places. Indeed, if we are to ensure the long-term survival of this species, leatherback conservation efforts are needed in every place they are found.